Technology
Electrolysis, PEM membranes, dissolution and flow engineering.
Level 3 · Advanced
How water electrolysis splits H₂O into H₂ and O₂, the role of the membrane, and why purity is engineered in.
PEM and SPE are the same family of solid polymer electrolyte membranes. What the naming distinction means in practice.
How H₂ gas is dissolved into water for bath and beverage applications. Nanobubble vs microbubble, residence time and saturation.
How gas leaves the stack, traverses tubing and reaches the user — and where engineering choices add or lose flow.
Why hydrogen machines require distilled or deionised water, and what tap, spring or filtered water does to the PEM stack.
What ≥99.99% H₂ purity means, how it is measured and why the remaining 0.01% matters less than the figure suggests.
PEM stacks heat up under load. Cooling design determines whether a machine sustains output or throttles after an hour.
Electrode design inside a PEM stack: catalyst loading, coating uniformity and how electrode wear shows up as output decline.
Realistic lifespan for a well-maintained PEM hydrogen machine, what shortens it, and how to extend it.
A factual, engineering-focused explanation of alkaline electrolysis: how it works, why it uses an aqueous electrolyte such as KOH, and where it sits in the broader electrolysis landscape.
How Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis works, why it requires no liquid electrolyte, and why it is the dominant cell technology in modern hydrogen inhalation equipment.
Why some electrolysers use a liquid electrolyte and others use a solid polymer membrane. A factual overview of electrolyte options, handling and maintenance.